A recent study conducted at the University of Helsinki has confirmed that dog breeds exhibit distinct personality traits, highlighting the significance of breed in understanding canine behavior. Postdoctoral Researcher Milla Salonen stated, "The breed of the dog is the most important determinant underlying personality differences." Although individual dogs possess unique traits, the research indicates that certain breeds tend to share common personality characteristics.
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The study utilized a substantial behavioral survey dataset involving over 11,000 dogs from more than 300 breeds, which were classified into 52 groups. This comprehensive investigation reveals personality differences between breeds that have not been examined previously.
Professor Hannes Lohi from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine noted that while breed is a major factor in personality, both genetic and non-genetic influences also play complex roles. The study focused on seven traits: insecurity, training focus, aggressiveness/dominance, energy, sociability with dogs and humans, and perseverance.
Among environmental factors, early puppyhood socialization proved to be the most influential. Experiences during this critical period, from seven weeks to four months of age, were linked to reduced insecurity and aggressiveness as well as increased training focus and sociability. Salonen emphasized the importance of exposing puppies to new experiences, provided they are appropriate and not overwhelming.
Age also had significant implications for personality traits. Older dogs showed higher training focus, while younger dogs exhibited greater insecurity and energy levels.
The factors examined accounted for only a small part of the variation in individual personality traits, suggesting that genetics play a substantial role. Though the study could not specifically determine the impact of maternal care during early puppyhood, Salonen remarked that personality traits in dogs exhibit complexities akin to those in humans and other animals.
The study, titled "Breed, age, and social environment are associated with personality traits in dogs," was published in iScience. It was funded by the Academy of Finland and the Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation.